By Team RunRun Coach Laurie Porter
Dialing in your nutrition and hydration goes hand in hand with all of the important aspects of training for long distances. This is particularly critical if you are training for and planning to race longer events like the Little Backyard Adventure 6 or 12 Hour Race in Olympia, WA. The more you practice fueling and hydration during your long runs, the more accustomed your body will become to handling it. Does this mean you will get it right every time? Certainly not. While exact fueling methods are largely anecdotal and tweaked by trial and error, it is important to recognize that the longer the endurance event, the greater metabolic demand on your body.
Fat stores are the dominant fuel source during low-intensity training, including long periods of easy to steady-state running. The fat stored in your body is in the form of triglycerides. During exercise such as running, your body breaks down stored fat (triglycerides) into glycerol and free fatty acids. Cells can use free fatty acids to make adenosine triphosphate, (ATP). Your muscles also store triglyceride molecules, made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Stored triglycerides can be broken down during running to make ATP which is the energy source used to drive muscle contraction.
Your body also utilizes glycogen as fuel during running, but the fuel source that predominates depends on the intensity. As intensity increases, glycogen use increases and fat utilization decreases. Your body converts carbohydrates to glycogen that is stored in your muscles and liver. Your body can store up to 100 grams of glycogen in your liver, which is around 400 calories, and about 350 grams in your muscles, totaling about 1600 calories. All day long, your body is consuming glycogen to fuel everything including: brain function, respiration, digestion, exercise and so on.
Timing is Everything
If your run is going to take longer than 90 minutes, fueling during the run is going to become important. Always take in fuel every 30-45 minutes during a run longer than 90 minutes. It usually takes about 60 minutes for your glycogen stores to be depleted. Ideally, you always want to stay ahead of depletion. If your glycogen stores are depleted, your body will break down muscle protein and convert it to glycogen. If ever you smell ammonia during or after a long run, your body is signaling that your muscles are being broken down for fuel. After your body’s available energy sources are expended, it begins consuming muscle protein by breaking it down into urea, an ammonia compound. This should be avoided! Maintaining lean muscle mass should be your top priority. Ideally you are consuming at least 250-350+ calories per hour. Honestly, the more calories the better. Depending on your size and the intensity of the run, you may need to take in more than that. Always think long term. Adequate fueling is huge because it will improve performance, prevent muscle breakdown, and enhance recovery in the days following your long run.
Options, Options, Options
There are a myriad of fueling options out there, including whole foods, gels, gummies, bars and sports drinks. A great resource for whole food fuel recipes can be found here.
There are loads of convenient fuel options: Spring Energy, Maurten, Hammer, Gu, Gummies, Shot Bloks, Honey Stinger or sports drinks like Tailwind Endurance, Gnarly, and Scratch, just to name a few. The pros: pre-measured, can be rapidly metabolized by the body, providing quickly available energy, very convenient. The cons: Some are very expensive, and some have additives that can wreak havoc on your digestive system. This doesn’t mean you should avoid them entirely, but use them sparingly if possible.
With whole food options, the sky’s the limit: dried fruit, fresh fruit, nuts, homemade purees made with fruit and or veggies, baby food pouches, cereal, cookies, potatoes or sweet potatoes, pb and j’s, pickles, crackers, and the list goes on and on. The pros: healthy, variety and inexpensive. The cons: not as convenient, some are not as nutrient dense, they can take up a lot of space, and they require running the math to figure out how many calories or grams you are carrying.
Hydrating throughout the day, EVERY DAY, is critical for optimal health and performance. To determine your hydration needs, just measure your bodyweight in pounds, divide by two, then convert that number to ounces. Example – a person weighing 140 lbs should be drinking about 70 ounces of water per day. This is a ballpark figure because exact hydration needs are determined by sweat rate and the weather. Also, some people are salty sweaters. You may want to consider having a sweat test done if you are curious about your sweat rate. Drinking water throughout the day and not all at once is the proper way to hydrate. On your long runs, you should be sipping fluids at least every 15-20 minutes. Take in about 3-6 oz at a time or about 2-4 good long drinks or several sips. Keeping your electrolytes in balance is also very important and in addition to electrolytes, many sports drinks also contain carbohydrates. There are a lot of good sports drinks out there such as Tailwind, Gnarly, Scratch and so on. Or you can make your own if you prefer. Here is a great tasting recipe you may want to try.
Issues, Issues, Issues
It can be common for runners to experience gastrointestinal issues during long runs or races, so it is important to experiment and practice your fueling and hydration to discover what works best for you. Unless you have a digestive system that is made of cast iron, you may experience nausea, vomiting, indigestion, heartburn or even diarrhea at some point. If that happens, the first thing to check is your effort. Sometimes just dialing it back a little can resolve any of these issues. If decreasing effort or taking a break doesn’t solve the issue, it’s always good to be prepared with other ways to treat gastrointestinal issues. You can carry candied ginger to chew or suck on if you’re feeling nauseous. If you experience heartburn, have Tums on hand. Always make sure you have extra powdered hydration with calories for those times when you are unable to stomach solids. Extra electrolytes are critical for replacing fluid loss with diarrhea or vomiting.
Logistics, Logistics, Logistics
Of course logistics are always important to consider during a long run or event. Perhaps you are fortunate enough to have a trail system right outside your back door, so your home makes a perfect aid station and the need to carry all your fuel will not be as much of an issue. Consider yourself very blessed if that is the case. Another option is to stash water and fuel along the route ahead of time that you can access during your run. If you’re not able to have an aid station or a stash, you will need to do some smart packing and carry all your water and fuel. Always carry more than you need just in case you end up out there longer than planned. The extra fuel you pack can be in the form of powder, highly condensed fuel to save space. The longer you go, the more important it is to have a good hydration vest with room for your fuel. Having a checklist is a good idea to make sure you have all you need before heading out the door. There is nothing worse than not having enough fuel and finishing completely depleted!
The wrapup!
Next time you head out the door for a long run or for an awesome longer race, practice fueling and hydrating! Explore a variety of options. Keep a log of what works, and what doesn’t. Pack smart, and be ready because adventure is waiting!
Laurie Porter is a coach with Team RunRun. To learn more about her or to work with her, check out her coach profile.